Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal)

The Effect of Different Soxhlet Extraction Solvents Towards AntiPropionibacterium acnes Activity of Balik Angin Leaves (Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz)

2025-10-05T13:10:39+00:00

Background: Acne is a skin infection that may be induced by Propionibacterium acnes. Treatment of acne infection from natural ingredients native to Kalimantan such as Balik Angin or Alphitonia incana (Roxb.) Teijsm. & Binn. ex Kurz can be an alternative therapy. Prior research indicates that leaves macerated with methanol and 70% ethanol solvents can inhibit the growth of P. acnes in the medium category with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 3.2%. Objectives: The research purpose is to compare the effect of the different solvents of soxhlet extraction on the antibacterial activity of Balik Angin leaves in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes. Material and Methods: Balik Angin leaves were extracted using the Soxhlet with two different solvents, which were methanol and 70% ethanol, then followed by phytochemical screening. The antibacterial activity assay was carried out by using well diffusion with each sample concentrations of 25.6%; 12.8%; 6.4%; 3.2%; 1.6%; 0.8%; 0.4%; and 0.2%. Results: Both extracts contained the same phytochemical groups, which were phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The antibacterial activity test results showed that both extracts had the same MIC of 0.8%. however, the 70% ethanol extract of Balik Angin leaves was able to provide a larger inhibition diameter average of 9.61±0.35 mm compared to the methanol extract of 9.20±0.22 mm. Nonetheless, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between both concentrations, when compared to the range of 1.6-25.6%. Conclusions: The conclusion of this research is that differences in Soxhlet extraction solvents in Balik Angin leaves can affect its activity as an anti-Propionibacterium acnes agent.

Bioactivity of Songga Wood (Strychnos ligustrina) methanol extract: Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory against Interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in Vivo

2025-10-05T13:20:59+00:00

Background: Songga wood (Strychnos ligustrina) from the genus Loganiaceae is a plant that is empirically used as a traditional medicine by people in several regions in Indonesia. This plant serves as a medicine for fever, malaria, as an antidote, and for treating wounds, boils, acne and scabies. Objectives: This study aims to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of songga wood with Interleukin-8 (IL-8) parameter. Material and Methods: Songga wood was macerated with methanol for 3x24 hours until a thick extract was obtained. Antioxidant activity test was conducted using the DPPH method and anti-inflammatory test was performed using ELISA with IL-8 parameter. Test animals were divided into six groups:the normal group, negative control (Na-CMC), positive control (diclofenac sodium) and treatment with three dose variations, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgBB. Results: The results showed that the antioxidant activity value of Songga wood was IC50 84.51 µg/ml. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory activity showed IL-8 levels at doses of 50 mg/kgBB extract (494.8 pg/ml), 100 mg/kgBB (216.2 pg/ml) and 200 mg/kgBB (118.7 pg/ml). Conclusions: This study concluded that methanol extract of songga wood has strong antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. The most effective dose to reduce IL-8 levels was 200 mg/kgBB, which was not significantly different from the positive control (p>0.05).

In Vitro Evaluation of Sunscreen Activity of Extract and Fraction of Kedabu Fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backer)

2025-10-05T13:29:13+00:00

The Kedabu fruit, scientifically known as Sonneratia ovata Backer, is a mangrove plant commonly found in Indonesia. This fruit is valued for its antioxidant properties and shows potential as a natural sunscreen. This study was conducted to determine the in-vitro activity of the extract and fractions of Kedabu fruit (Sonneratia ovata Backer) as a sunscreen, with the potential for development into a natural sunscreen preparation. Experiments were conducted on extracts and various fractions, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The extracts and fractions of Kedabu fruit were prepared at concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL. Their absorbance was then measured in the UV A (320-375 nm) and UV B (290-320 nm) wavelength ranges. The n-butanol fraction, at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, appears to be the most effective sunscreen, demonstrating a %Te value of 8.369% and %Tp of 50.345%. This performance places it in the standard Suntan range for UV B protection. Additionally, it has an SPF value of 10.58, categorizing it within the highest level of sun protection.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Hypertensive Therapy in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 of Diabetes Mellitus at RSUD Dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Sragen

2025-10-05T13:38:36+00:00

Background: Hypertension followed by type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases and is one of the chronic degenerative diseases Hence, it requires long-lasting treatment therapy and high costs. Based on this, hypertensive patients with DM type 2 need special attention in order to get effective hypertensive therapy at minimum cost. Cost-effectiveness analysis is an analytical method for making decisions on the best alternative to the therapy used. Objectives: To determine the most cost-effective hypertensive therapy in hypertensive patients with DM type 2 diabetes who underwent pharmacoeconomic hospitalization with a cost-effectiveness analysis approach. Methods: This type of study is descriptive observational with a retrospective data collection method from January 2021 - June 2023. The data taken was 31 medical records data and bill fees that met the inclusion criteria. Results: The description of drug use in hypertensive patients with DM type 2 diabetes at RSUD Soehadi Prijonegoro Sragen consists of monotherapy (19.35%) and combination (80.65%). The effectiveness of monotherapy was highest in patients receiving amlodipine therapy (12.42 mmHg), while the effectiveness of the combination was highest in patients taking adalat oros + candesartan + bisoprolol + furosemide + clonidine (22,38 mmHg). From the calculation of the ACER value, it was found that the most cost-effective drug was amlodipine, which had an ACER value of Rp. 289,962 in monotherapy and amlodipine + candesartan with an ACER value of Rp. 262,626. Conclusions: The most widely used hypertension therapy is combination therapy; the drug with the highest effectiveness is adalat oros + candesartan + bisoprolol + furosemide + clonidine and the drug with the highest cost-effectiveness is amlodipine monotherapy and the combination of amlodipine + candesartan.

Correlation of Blood Glucose, Creatinine, and Uric Acid with Blood Pressure in Hypertension Patients

2025-10-05T13:56:22+00:00

Poorly controlled hypertension in hypertensive patients can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in the future. Some of the triggering factors are impaired kidney function which is characterized by an increase in creatinine levels and other factors as well, namely an increase in uric acid levels and an increase in blood sugar levels. This study aims to analyze the correlation between blood glucose, creatinine, and uric acid levels in hypertensive patients in Central Sulawesi. With a cross-sectional design, this observational study involved 50 adult hypertensive patients in health facilities. Data were taken from laboratory examination results during visits and analyzed descriptively and analytically. The results showed that 60% of hypertensive patients were female, 62% had a family history of hypertension, and 80% still had blood pressure that was included in the criteria for hypertension. As many as 34% of hypertensive patients had abnormal blood glucose levels, 32% had abnormal creatinine levels, and 26% had abnormal uric acid levels. Still, no relationship was found between the three with blood pressure (p> 0.05). The correlation between blood glucose and blood pressure was -0.221, creatinine and blood pressure was -0.112, and uric acid and blood pressure was 0.132. It can be concluded that there is a positive correlation with a very weak correlation strength between uric acid levels and blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Antiseptic Gel Formulation Uses Eco-Enzyme from Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Peels Substitute the Active Ingredient Alcohol

2025-10-05T14:12:13+00:00

Background: Eco-enzyme is the result of fermenting organic waste that possesses antibacterial properties. Objectives: This research aims to develop the best formula for an environmentally friendly antiseptic gel. Methods: The analysis carried out in this research includes testing the physical parameters and antibacterial activity of preparation. Results: The liquid eco-enzyme product produced has a distinct strong acid aroma with a pH of 3.1. Antiseptic gels were created in five formulations (F1-F5) by substituting the active alcohol ingredient traditionally used as an antibacterial agent. Test results showed that F1, F2, and F3 met all the requirements for the physical parameters of the gel, including pH (4.5-6.5), viscosity (2000-4000 Cp), spreadability (5-7 cm), and homogeneity (homogeneous). Meanwhile, F4 did not meet the physical parameter of viscosity, and F5 did not meet the parameters for viscosity and spreadability. Antiseptic gel made from eco-enzyme extracted from rambutan fruit peels exhibited higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria compared to two commercial antiseptic gels and F1, which served as the negative control. Conclusion: An antiseptic gel preparation containing rambutan peel eco-enzyme with a concentration of 50% and 50% alcohol (F3) is the best formula.