Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal)

Effect of Levonorgestrel Implant on Lactation and Infant Growth: A Review

Yosi Febrianti — 2024-10-01

Background: Family Planning is a way to regulate the number of children born and the spacing of pregnancies through information, education, and the use of contraceptives. Postpartum contraception is important to obtain an optimal interpregnancy interval. Postpartum contraception should be initiated early; one of which is Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Levonorgestrel can be used to prevent pregnancy because it interferes with ovulation, implantation, and fertilization. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and effects of using levonorgestrel implants on breastfeeding and infant growth. Methods: Primary data were in the form of research papers obtained from PubMed®, and Google Scholar® published from the period 2010-2018. The keywords for the searches included: “levonorgestrel”, “levonorgestrel (LNG)-releasing implant”, “levonorgestrel on lactogenesis”, “levonorgestrel on infant growth”, and “levonorgestrel on breastfeeding”, which were used alone or in combination. Results: The 20 selected articles were reviewed based on five identified phrases. Levonorgestrel subdermal implants were shown to be a good choice for women who wanted effective contraception. When used by breastfeeding mothers, levonorgestrel subdermal implants affected neither infant growth (0-1 year of age) nor lactation duration. Conclusions: Levonorgestrel subdermal implants can be effective long-term contraception. These implants are safe for breastfeeding mothers and do not affect infant growth.

Consumer Behavior Analysis as a Form of Pre-market Survey for the Black Pule (Alstonia spectabilis) Antimalarial Tablet Prototype

Maximus Markus Taek — 2024-10-01

Malaria is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium with a high incidence of spread that is still found in remote tropical places, especially areas around gardens, swamps, forests, and mines such as eastern Indonesia. The commonly used antimalarial drug chloroquine has experienced resistance, encouraging researchers to look for effective alternative treatments. Formulation development of Standardized Herbal Medicine (OHT) from black pule was carried out as a potential new alternative treatment as an antimalarial. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of liking and quality assessment or characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial OHT tablets. Methods: The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative which aims to describe 57 panelists' perspective on the product and to analyze product marketing. In this research method includes hedonic test and hedonic quality test which is a series of organoleptic tests and consumer acceptance tests by tasting and observing the product followed by filling out a form according to what is felt and observed. Results: The results obtained from this research, namely the preference test of the overall characteristics of the prototype of antimalarial black pule tablets (Alstonia spectabilis) showed a good sensory impression and characteristics. The positive results obtained from all aspects have illustrated that the panelists have considerable interest in the prototype sample and assess that the prototype tablets are suitable for dissemination to the public. Conclusions: Based on the research, it can be concluded that the prototype of black pule (Alstonia spectabilis) tablets tested through hedonic and hedonic quality tests produced overall good results, characterized by the tendency of panelists to choose "Like" in the hedonic test of sensory impressions and positive values in the hedonic quality test.

Factors Affecting Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) Based on STOPP/START Criteria in Geriatric Patients at RSUD Dr. Soedomo Trenggalek

Esti Ambar Widyaningrum — 2024-10-01

Background: Geriatric patients often have multiple comorbidities and decreased physiological function, leading to polypharmacy and potential exposure to inappropriate medications (PIMs). Objectives: This study investigates geriatric inpatients' characteristic profiles, evaluates PIMs using STOPP/START criteria, and explores factors influencing PIM incidence. Method: This study employed a retrospective observational analytical approach. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. The sample involved in this study was 312 patients. Results: The geriatric patients involved in this study had the following characteristics: 62% male and 38% female; 69% youngest-old (65-74 years), 30% middle-old (75-90 years), and 1% oldest-old (>90 years); 87% with BPJS service type and 13% with general service type; main diagnosis groups of the patients were gastrointestinal of 9%, cardiovascular of 31%, respiratory of 3%, neurological of 1%, infection of 11%, endocrine of 13%, genitourinary of 15%, immune an malignant of 1%, blood of 11%, musculoskeletal of 2%, eyes of 2% and skin of 1%; 13% patients had one disease, 43% had two diseases, 25% had three diseases, and 19% had ≥ four diseases;29% had 15 drugs, 50% had 6-10 drugs, 17% had 11-15 drugs, 3% had 20 drugs, and 1% had ≥ 20 drugs. There were 72 PIMs based on STOPP/START criteria. The results of the analysis using the C contingency coefficient test showed the following factors, such as gender (p-value of 0.894), age (p-value of 0.470), type of service (p-value of 0.166), main diagnosis (p-value of 0.042), number of illness (p-value of 0.106), and number of drugs (p-value of 0.182). Conclusion: There is a correlation between the main diagnosis factor and PIMs with a p-value of 0.042 (p-value < 0.05).

Relationship between Knowledge and adherence to Use of TB Drugs in adults in Idaman Banjarbaru Hospital

Helmina Wati — 2024-10-01

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the disease that causes the highest mortality worldwide. One of the causes is the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Knowledge and adherence are very important in TB treatment to achieve therapeutic success. Objectives: This study aims to see the relationship between the level of knowledge and adherence to taking medication for adult TB patients at Idaman Banjarbaru Hospital. Methods: This type of research is descriptive research with a cross-sectional research design, prospectively taken in March–June 2023. The total sampling technique was employed to select 42 patients. The data were collected via a validated online questionnaire and subsequently analysed using the Fisher Exact SPSS test with a 95% confidence level. Results: The results showed that patients had a good level of knowledge of as many as 32 people (76.2%) and had less knowledge of as many as 10 people (23.8%). The value of patient compliance in taking medication was 29 people (69%), and disobedient as many as 13 people (31%). Conclusion: The statistical analysis results indicated a statistically significant relationship between knowledge and compliance with medication in TB patients at Idaman Banjarbaru Hospital (p < 0.05). This implies that an individual's willingness to comply with medication regimens is significantly influenced by their knowledge about the prescribed treatment.

Determination of Phenolic and Flavonoid Total Levels and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate, and n-Hexane Extracts of Citrus reticulata Blanco Fruit Peel by DPPH and ABTS Methods

Faizah Min Fadhlillah — 2024-10-01

Background: The peel of the fruit Citrus reticulata Blanco has long been used in traditional medicine due to its various properties. Traditional medicine from certain parts of medicinal plants is related to the content of bioactive compounds from the fruit's peel, such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids that can help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the total levels of phenolics and flavonoids as well as antioxidants from ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts from the skin of Citrus reticulata Blanco using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphonate))) methods. Material and Methods: The extraction process was carried out using the maceration ion method with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents at room temperature for 24 hours. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels in the extract were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activity testing was determined based on the extract's ability to neutralize free radicals from DPPH and ABTS. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit peel had higher total phenolic and flavonoid levels compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. The total phenolic levels in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 142.02, 74.60, and 57.17 mg GAE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid levels in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 45.96, 40.22, and 38.54 mg QE/g, respectively. In addition, ethanol extract has also shown the strongest antioxidant activity based on the results of testing with DPPH and ABTS methods. The inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of ethanol extract against DPPH and ABTS methods was 23,490 μg/mL and 31,971 μg/mL, respectively, with strong category. Conclusions: This study shows that the skin of Citrus reticulata Blanco fruit contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids that have the potential as natural antioxidants, with ethanol extract being the most promising related to total phenolic and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. This information can be used as a basis for developing pharmaceutical dosage products and health supplements that can potentially improve antioxidant/health status in the body.

Formulation of Micellar Based Water from Piper crocatum Leaves Extract Using Various Concentrations of Poloxamer 188

Hani Pratiwi — 2024-10-01

Background: Micellar based water (micellar water) is a preparation used to clean the face or makeup with water-based ingredients. Micellar water has moisturizing additives accompanied by antioxidants. Piper crocatum leaves is one of the plants that contain flavonoid compounds so it has the potential as an antioxidant. Micelles are the main component in micellar water preparations derived from amphiphilic block copolymer-type surfactants such as poloxamer. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to formulate, evaluate, and observe the antioxidant activity of the most optimum formulation of micellar based water preparations of Piper crocatum leaves extract with variations in poloxamer 188 concentrations. Material and Methods: The stages of this research were material preparation, extract characteristics evaluation, production of micellar preparations at poloxamer 188 concentrations of 1% (F1); 1.5% (F2); and 2% (F3); preparation characteristics evaluation, stability, particle size, antioxidant activity assay for the optimum formula, and irritation test. Results: The results of the evaluation showed that the pH of the preparation ranged from 4.54 - 4.76; viscosity values ranged from 16.40 - 24.26 cP; particle size ranged from 170.6 – 349.9 nm; and the entire formula did not irritate the skin. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it was found that the most optimal concentration of poloxamer 188 was 2% (F3) with IC₅₀ value of 119.63 ppm which categorized as a moderate antioxidant activity.

Antibacterial Activity Assay on Escherichia coli of The Active Fraction Matoa Seeds (Pometia Pinnata J.R Forst & G. Forst.)

Karnelasatri Karnelasatri — 2024-10-01

One of the plants had been used as a medicinal plant in Papua is Pometia Pinnata J.R Forst & G. Forst or the Matoa plant. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of the active fraction of Matoa seeds against Escherichia coli bacteria. The positive control and negative control used were ciprofloxacin and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively. 96% ethanol solvent was used to extract the simplicia of Matoa seeds. Fractionation was carried out using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water as solvents. The Kirby Bauer diffusion method was used in the antibacterial activity assay at concentrations of 100 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL, 400 mg/mL, and 500 mg/mL. Overall, the inhibition zones obtained from the sequential concentrations above were 8.89 mm, 10.18 mm, 10.34 mm, 10.84 mm, and 11.76 mm respectively. Further, data analysis was performed with One Way ANOVA and the results showed significant differences between concentrations. Data analysis was then continued with the post hoc Tukey HSD test and a concentration of 500 mg/mL was concluded as the optimum concentration.

Synergistic Effect Antibacterial Activity of The Combination of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Fruit Essential Oil and Erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes

Vania Clarissha Situmorang — 2024-10-02

Background: The concept of synergism is one of the approaches taken to combat the problems related to antibiotic resistance. Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the synergistic effect of the antibacterial activity of a combination of essential oil of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC fruit and erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Methods: The broth microdilution assay was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Z. acanthpodium DC fruit essential oil and erythromycin. The synergistic effects were assessed using the checkerboard method. Results: MIC value of Z. acanthopodium DC fruit essential oil against both bacteria was 2500 mg/mL. The combination of Z. acanthopodium DC fruit essential oil and erythromycin had a synergistic effect against S. mutans and S. pyogenes with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values of 0.375 and 0.0872, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination of herbal plants and conventional antibiotics could be used as an alternative therapy for bacterial infections.

Metabolite Fingerprints and Chemometrics-Based Approach for Discrimination of Miana (Coleus scutellarioides) Variety: Authentication of Traditional Medicine Raw Materials

Reny Syahruni — 2024-10-04

Background: Miana (Coleus scutellarioides) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family consisting of several varieties that are traditionally used as medicinal materials, especially its leaves. Objectives: The study aims to classify/discriminate miana varieties based on FT-IR spectroscopic profiles and chemometric analysis (PCA, HCA, and PLS). Material and Methods: There are four samples used in this study, namely purple miana, green miana, batik miana, and combination miana (combination colour). The powders of the four miana samples were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, then analyzed by chemometric techniques using PCA, HCA, and PLS to see the clustering patterns and functional group markers of the samples. Results: Based on chemometric analysis of FT-IR data, the four species of miana leaves showed grouping based on their varieties, respectively. The total PC value was 99.5% (PC-1 97.7% and PC-2 1.8%). HCA analysis at a distance of 2.5 resulted in 4 groups: a (DMB, DMK, and DMU), b (DMU and DMK), c (DMU and DMK), and d (DMH). PLS analysis using VIP scores showed C–H and C=O groups with values > 1. Conclusions: The combination of FT-IR and chemometrics can be applied to discriminate miana samples in quality control and authentication of traditional medicine raw materials. Analysis with LC-MS/MS and NMR instruments is needed for further analysis and support compounds that have the potential to distinguish the four miana varieties.

Larvicidal Activity of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Ethanolic Extract in Addition of PEG Diluent on Aedes aegypti Larvae

Listiana Masyita Dewi — 2024-10-04

Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a viral infection disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti. It is one of Indonesian endemic diseases that reported to occur throughout the year. To break the transmission chain of DF, the use of larvicides is preferred, especially using natural ingredients, such as bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a dispersant may prevent the clumping of material test so that it can be distributed evenly in water which is the medium of growth for larvae. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of bay leaves (EEBL) in addition of PEG diluent on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae. Material and Method: Bay leaves as the main material were extracted using 96% of ethanol, and were applied in two variation concentration, 0.75% and 1%, while the diluent added was PEG. The samples used in this study were Aedes aegypti larvae at stages III-IV, with a total of 25 individuals for each treatment group. Evaluation was performed every 6 hours, for 24 hours, then the results were recorded and analyzed using the Kruskall Wallis test and the Mann Whitney test. Result: In both of variation concentration used, at 24 hours of observation it was obtained the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae was 100%. The p-value obtained for the Kruskall Wallis test was <0.05. From Mann Whitney test, when each of treatment group was compared to the positive control, abate®, the p-value obtained is >0.05, while when they were compared to the negative control, PEG, the p-value obtained is <0.05. Conclusion: 96% ethanolic extract of bay leaves in addition of PEG diluent is effective as Aedes aegypti larvicides. It is also known that EEBL at concentration of 0.75% and 1% in addition of PEG are as effective as abate® as Aedes aegypti larvicides.

Toxicity Effect Test of Matoa (Pometia pinnata) Plant Fractions as Raw Materials for Anticancer Drugs

Hamsidar Hasan — 2024-10-02

Background:The prevalence of cancer in Indonesia increases every year. Medical treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation require significant costs with considerable side effects. Therefore, there is a need for chemopreventive agents from natural sources such as plants. One plant with potential as a chemopreventive agent is the matoa tree (Pometia pinnata), which is empirically used to treat suppurating wounds.Objectives: This research aims to test the toxicity of leaf and stem bark fractions of matoa using shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach. Methods: The parameter for this study is the LC₅₀value. The extraction method involves successive maceration using solvents based on increasing polarity, starting with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Phytochemical screening is conducted using colour tests, and toxicity is assessed through the brine shrimp lethality test. The research indicates that all fractions of matoa leaves and stem bark are toxic with respective LC₅₀values for leaf fractions: n-hexane (394.8 µg/mL), chloroform (244.3 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (180.6 µg/mL), and methanol (303.2 µg/mL). Stem bark fractions exhibit LC50 values in the order of n-hexane (203.9 µg/mL), chloroform (244.3 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (144.8 µg/mL), and methanol (58.3 µg/mL). Conclusions: All fractions fall into the toxic category and have the potential as raw materials for anti-cancer drugs.

Evaluation of Drug Accuracy and Cardiac Drug Dose Accuracy in Heart Failure Patients Hospitalized in Samarinda

Deasy Nur Chairin Hanifa — 2024-10-08

Background: Heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood to the tissues to meet the body's metabolic needs. Heart failure has a variety of therapies and drug options available, so careful consideration is needed in selecting drugs for heart failure patients. Evaluation is carried out to identify problems with the accuracy of drug use and dosage accuracy. The many types of drugs available present its their problems in the use of drugs, especially in the selection and use of drugs that are effective, correct, and safe. Inappropriate and rational use of drugs can increase morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of drugs and heart drug dosages in patients with heart failure at the inpatient installation of Samarinda Medika Citra Hospital. Material and Methods: This research is a descriptive observational study with retrospective data collection in 2022. The sample consisted of all adult heart failure inpatients who met the inclusion criteria of 60 patients. Results: The results of the study showed that out of 60 patients, the accuracy of therapy included 93% of the correct drug and 88% of the correct dose. The heart failure drugs used were furosemide (39%), spironolactone (19%), digoxin (18%), candesartan (15%), captopril (4%), bisoprolol (3%), and lisinopril (2%). Conclusions: From the research results, it was found that 93% of the drug accuracy and 88% of the drug dose accuracy in heart failure patients.