Main Article Content

Abstract

Background: Hypertension, characterized by elevated blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg), leads to kidney and heart damage. Hypertension causes increased heart rate, heart enlargement, risk of heart failure, and damage to kidney blood vessels. One way to treat hypertension is by administering drugs such as herbal medicines. Pamelo oranges (Citrus maxima) are starting to be developed in the treatment of diseases. The ethanol extract of pomelo orange peel (EEKJP) contains flavonoid compounds which have antihypertensive activity as a natural Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, diuretic, increases Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) activity and activates Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF). Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of ethanol extract of pomelo orange peel on the macroscopic features of the heart and kidneys of hypertensive rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This research uses The Posttest-Only Control Group Design. Thirty rats were divided into six groups, namely naive control, negative control (NaCMC 1%), positive control (Captopril 0,45 mg/200 gramBB), EEKJP 100 mg/KgBW group, EEKJP 150 mg/KgBW group, and EEKJP 200 mg/KgBW group. Hypertension condition through induction with prednisone 1.5 mg/KgBW and NaCl 2% for 21th days. The test preparation was administered orally for 14th days. Next, all rats were dissected to remove the heart and kidney organs for macroscopic observations. Results: The results of the study showed that ethanol extract of pomelo (Citrus maxima) orange peel had a varied effect on the macroscopic appearance of the heart and kidneys of rats with hypertension. The heart organ shows structural improvements, while the kidneys have not shown any improvement. Conclusions: Extract with a dose of 100 mg/KgBW has no changes in the macroscopic appearance of the heart so it is thought to be able to repair damage to the heart organ.

Keywords

Heart Hypertension Kidney Macroscopic Pamelo orange peel

Article Details

How to Cite
Arifin, S., Emelda, A., Santi, I., Putrisari, N. A., Intan, T. R. N., Husain, N. F., & Adawiyah, R. A. (2024). Effects of Pamelo Orange Peel (Citrus maxima) Ethanol Extract on Macroscopic Kidney and Heart of Hypertensive Rats: Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Pamelo (Citrus maxima) pada Makroskopik Ginjal dan Jantung Tikus Hipertensi. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 10(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2024.v10.i1.16946

References

  1. Abed, S, O. (2020). Potential of Flavonoid in Mahkota Dewa to Reduce Sistolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Patient with Hypertension. Cardiovascular and Cardiometabolic Journal, 1(1), 26–30.
  2. Anggraeni, I.D.A.R., Bodhi, W., & Simbala, H. (2017). Pengaruh Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria ) terhadap Gambaran Makroskopis Organ Jantung pada Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus). Pharmacon- Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 6(3), 65-73.
  3. Aria, M., Suhatri, & Sunata, P. (2021). Uji Efek Antihipertensi Ekstrak Etanol Seledri (Apium graveolens L) selama 7 Hari pada Tikus Putih Jantan. Prosiding Seminar Kesehatan Perintis, 4(2) (pp. 137 – 144).
  4. Bangsawan, M. & Purbianto. (2013). Faktor Resiko yang Mempercepat terjadinya Komplikasi Gagal Jatung pada Klien Hipertensi. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Sai Betik, 9 (2), 145-150.
  5. Base, N.H. (2018). Identifikasi Kandungan Senyawa Flavonoid Ekstrak Kulit Buah Jeruk Bali (Citrus maxima Merr.) Secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis. Jurnal Kesehatan Yamasi Makassar, 2(1).
  6. Ceriana, R. and Rejeki, DP. (2023). Uji Toksisitas Makroskopis pad Organ Ginjal, Hati, Jantung dan Limpa Mencit Hiperglikemia yang Diberikan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Rambai (Baccaurea motleyana). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research, 4(2), 183-189.
  7. Elisa, N., Anggoro, A.B., & Indriyanti, E. (2021). Aktivitas Antihipertensi Ekstrak dan Fraksi-Fraksi Daun Avokad (Persea americana Mill) pada Tikus Jantan dengan Parameter Sistolik dan Diastolik. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains, 21(2),145–154.
  8. Erawati, D. (2007). Pengaruh Infusa Daun Rambutan (Nephalium Lappaceum L) terhadap Tekanan Darh dan Histopatologi Organ Jantung dan Aorta pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar yang diberi Pakan Lemak Tinggi (Tesis), Universitas Islam Indonesia, Indonesia.
  9. Filbert, K., Wijaya, S., Budi, A., & Tobing, A. N. L. (2023). Antibacterial Activity Test Of Pomelo Peel Extract (Citrus maxima pericarpium) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Jambura Journal of Health Science and Research, 5(1), 51-58.
  10. Gan, Z., Huang, D., Jiang, J., Li, Y., Li, H., & Ke, Y. (2018). Captopril alleviates hypertension-induced renal damage, inflammation, and NF- kB activation. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 51(11), 1-9.
  11. Gupta, A. K., Dhua, S., Sahu, P.P., Abate, G., Mishra, P., & Mastinu, A. (2021). Variation in Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Volatile Composition of Pomelo Fruit (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) during Seasonal Growth and Development. Plants, 10(9), 1-24.
  12. Hakimah, A., Sjakoer, N.A.A., & Mubarakati, N.J. (2021). Profil Histopatologi Otot Jantung pada Tikus Hipertensi (Doca-Garam) yang Dipapar Kombinasi Ekstrak Metanolik Benalu Teh dan Benalu Mangga (EMBTBM). Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(2), 359-366.
  13. Lestari, K. S., Susilawati, E., Istiqomah, A. N., Amalia, S. N., & Aligita, W. (2023). Aktivitas Antihipertensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata JR Forst. & G. Forst.) Pada Model Hewan Hipertensi Yang Diinduksi Prednison Dan Nacl. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 8(1), 49-58.
  14. Maritha, I., & Ratnawati, R. & Dewi, I.O. (2021). Analisis Parameter Fungsi Ginjal dan Efektivitas Antihipertensi pada Pasien Rwat Inap Hipertensi di RSUD Kota Madiun. Duta Pharma Journal, 1(1), 1 - 11.
  15. Muliani, N. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Jahe dan Jus Mentimun terhadap Perubahan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Kota Makassar (Tesis), Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia.
  16. Mulyani, S., Rosa, E.M., & Huriah, T. (2015). Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus) Hipertensi. Indonesian Journal of Nursing Practices, 1(2), 177-184.
  17. Noviati, E., Kusumawaty, J., Rahmawati, I., Rosmiati, Marliany, H., & Kurniawan, R. (2022). Meningkatkan Pengetahuan dan Kesehatan Lansia Tentang Hipertensi dengan Metode Penyuluhan Kesehatan. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi, 21(2), 104–110.
  18. Raisania, I., Muryawan, M.H., Radityo., & Nur, A. (2012). Hubungan Antara Terapi Kortikosteroid dengan Kejadian Hipertensi pada Anak dengan Sindrom Nefrotik. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, 1-12.
  19. Rajadurai, J. Z. (2017). Clinical Practice Guidlines on Primary & Secondary Prevention of Cardiovaskular Disease. Malaysia: Putrajaya.
  20. Rauf, A., Ningsi, S., & Suhaidarwati, F. (2018). Uji efek ekstrak etanol bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana Merr.) sebagai antihipertensi pada tikus jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar, 6(1), 55-65.
  21. Safrina, N., Susanti, R., & Sari, R. (2018). Uji Efek Antiin amasi Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Jeringau Merah (Acorus Sp.) terhadap Radang Kaki Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar yang Diinduksi Karagenan. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran, 45(6), 409-413.
  22. Septiva, E.B., Sitasiwi, A.J., & Isdadiyanto, S. (2019). Struktur Mikroanatomi Ginjal Mencit (Mus musculus) Betina Setelah Paparan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Jurnal Pro-Life, 6(2), 180 -190.
  23. Singh, S., Shankar, R., & Singh, G.P. (2017). Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Varanasi. International Journal of Hypertension, 1–10.
  24. Sutomo, Meliawati, G., & Arnida. (2019). Pengaruh Pemberian Fraksi Etil Asetat Buah Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm) terhadap Toksisitas Akut, Gambaran Makroskopis dan Mikroskopis Jantung Tikus Putih Jantan. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina, 4(2), 370-379.
  25. Tandi, J., Wulandari, A., & Asrifa. (2017). Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gendola Merah (Basella alba L.) terhadap Kadar Kreatinin, Ureum dan Deskripsi Histologi Tubulus Ginjal Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes yang Diinduksi Streptozocin. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika, 3(2), 93-102.