Article Sidebar

Submitted
Mar 18, 2024
Accepted
Jun 10, 2024
Published
Oct 1, 2024
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 68 Download : 27

Main Article Content

Abstract

Background: Family Planning is a way to regulate the number of children born and the spacing of pregnancies through information, education, and the use of contraceptives. Postpartum contraception is important to obtain an optimal interpregnancy interval. Postpartum contraception should be initiated early; one of which is Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Levonorgestrel can be used to prevent pregnancy because it interferes with ovulation, implantation, and fertilization. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and effects of using levonorgestrel implants on breastfeeding and infant growth. Methods: Primary data were in the form of research papers obtained from PubMed®, and Google Scholar® published from the period 2010-2018. The keywords for the searches included: “levonorgestrel”, “levonorgestrel (LNG)-releasing implant”, “levonorgestrel on lactogenesis”, “levonorgestrel on infant growth”, and “levonorgestrel on breastfeeding”, which were used alone or in combination. Results: The 20 selected articles were reviewed based on five identified phrases. Levonorgestrel subdermal implants were shown to be a good choice for women who wanted effective contraception. When used by breastfeeding mothers, levonorgestrel subdermal implants affected neither infant growth (0-1 year of age) nor lactation duration. Conclusions: Levonorgestrel subdermal implants can be effective long-term contraception. These implants are safe for breastfeeding mothers and do not affect infant growth.

Keywords

Levonorgestrel Implant Infant growth Lactation

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Author Biography

M. Pandoman Febrian

Departement of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Catur Dakwah Crane Farmasi, Bogor, Indonesia.

How to Cite
Febrianti, Y., Hanifah, S., Febrian, M. P., Annisa, L., Azza, L. P., Mafruhah, O. R., Medisa, D., & Sari, C. P. (2024). Effect of Levonorgestrel Implant on Lactation and Infant Growth: A Review: Review : Pengaruh Implan Levonorgestrel pada Laktasi dan Pertumbuhan Bayi. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 10(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2024.v10.i2.17045

References

  1. Ali, M. et al. (2016). Extended use up to 5 years of the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal contraceptive implant: Comparison to levonorgestrel-releasing subdermal implant. Human Reproduction, 31(11), pp. 2491–2498. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew222.
  2. Averbach, S. et al. (2017). Immediate versus delayed postpartum use of levonorgestrel contraceptive implants: a randomized controlled trial in Uganda. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 217(5), pp. 568.e1-568.e7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.06.005.
  3. Ba, M.G. et al. (1999). ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Norplant Implants in Senegal. 00107824(99).
  4. Bahamondes, L. et al. (2013). Effect of hormonal contraceptives during breastfeeding on infant’s milk ingestion and growth. Fertility and sterility, 100(2), pp. 445–450. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.039.
  5. Bahamondes, L. et al. (2015). A 3-year multicentre randomized controlled trial of etonogestrel- and levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive implants, with non-randomized matched copper-intrauterine device controls. Human Reproduction, 30(11), pp. 2527–2538. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev221.
  6. Basaraba, C.N. et al. (2016). Estimating systemic exposure to levonorgestrel from an oral contraceptive. Contraception, 95(4), pp. 398–404.
  7. Black, K.I. et al. (2021). Women’s satisfaction with and ongoing use of hormonal long-acting methods compared to the oral contraceptive pill: Findings from an Australian general practice cluster randomised trial ({ACCORd}). Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 61(3), pp. 448–453.
  8. Bryant, A.G. et al. (2019). The Lactational Effects of Contraceptive Hormones: an Evaluation ({LECHE}) Study. Contraception, 100(1), pp. 48–53.
  9. Che, Y. et al. (2019). Cohort study to evaluate efficacy, safety and acceptability of a two-rod contraceptive implant during third, fourth and fifth year of product use in China. Contraception: X, 1, p. 100008. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2019.100008.
  10. Croxatto, H.B. (2002). Mechanisms that explain the contraceptive action of progestin implants for women. Contraception, 65(1), pp. 21–27.
  11. Díaz, S. (2002). Contraceptive implants and lactation. Contraception, 65(1), pp. 39–46. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00295-5.
  12. Farley, T.M.M. and Sivin, I. (2001). Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant® contraceptive implants: I. Contraceptive efficacy and reproductive health. Contraception, 63(4), pp. 167–186. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00188-3.
  13. Gurtcheff, S.E. et al. (2011). Lactogenesis after early postpartum use of the contraceptive implant: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol, 117(5), pp. 1114–1121.
  14. Kahlenborn, C., Peck, R. and Severs, W.B. (2015). Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Linacre Q, 82(1), pp. 18–33.
  15. Kols, a (2008). Reducing unmet need for family planning: evidence-based strategies and approaches. Outlook, 25(1), p. [8] p. Available at: http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2008/EOL_nov08.pdf.
  16. Leeman, L.M. and Rogers, R.G. (2012). Sex after childbirth: postpartum sexual function. Obstetrics and gynecology, 119(3), pp. 647–655. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182479611.
  17. Massai, M.R. et al. (2001). Contraceptive efficacy and clinical performance of Nestorone implants in postpartum women. Contraception, 64(6), pp. 369–376.
  18. Meirik, O. et al. (2003). Implantable contraceptives for women. Human Reproduction Update, 9(1), pp. 49–59. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmg004.
  19. Perheentupa, A. et al. (2003). Effect of progestin-only pill on pituitary-ovarian axis activity during lactation. Contraception, 67(6), pp. 467–471. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00068-4.
  20. Phillips, S.J. et al. (2016). Progestogen-only contraceptive use among breastfeeding women: a systematic review. Contraception, 94(3), pp. 226–252. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.09.010.
  21. Schiappacasse, V. et al. (2002). Health and growth of infants breastfed by Norplant contraceptive implants users: A six-year follow-up study. Contraception, 66(1), pp. 57–65. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00319-0.
  22. Shaamash, A.H. et al. (2005). A comparative study of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system Mirena versus the Copper T380A intrauterine device during lactation: breast-feeding performance, infant growth and infant development. Contraception, 72(5), pp. 346–351. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2005.04.004.
  23. Singhal, S. et al. (2014). Impact of injectable progestogen contraception in early puerperium on lactation and infant health. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(3), pp. 69–72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/7775.4110.
  24. Stanton, T.A. and Blumenthal, P.D. (2019). Postpartum hormonal contraception in breastfeeding women. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 31(6), pp. 441–446. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000571.
  25. Stark, E.L., Gariepy, A.M. and Son, M. (2022). What Is Long-Acting Reversible Contraception?. JAMA, 328(13), p. 1362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.14239.
  26. Steiner, M.J. et al. (2019). Randomized trial to evaluate contraceptive efficacy, safety and acceptability of a two-rod contraceptive implant over 4 years in the Dominican Republic. Contraception: X, 1, pp. 1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conx.2019.100006.
  27. Stoddard, A., Mcnicholas, C. and Peipert, J.F. (2013). NIH Public Access. 71(8), pp. 969–980. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2165/11591290-000000000-00000.Efficacy.
  28. Stuebe, A., Borders, A.E. and Bingham, D. (2016). Optimizing Postpartum Care. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 127(6), pp. 1192–1193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001481.
  29. Turok, David K. et al.(2017). Immadiate postpartum levonorgestrel intrauterine device insertion and breast-feeding outcomes: a noniinferiority randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 217 (6), pp. 1-16
  30. Weisberg, E. et al. (2013). A three-year comparative study of continuation rates, bleeding patterns and satisfaction in Australian women using a subdermal contraceptive implant or progestogen releasing-intrauterine system. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, 19(1), pp. 5–14.
  31. World Health Organisation (2005). Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing. Report of a WHO Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing, 13(6), pp. 1–44